Response to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience Free Essays

Guiltlessness v EXPERIENCE 109 UWA 2012 William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience was consolidated in 1794. Having aggregated Songs of Innocence in 1789, Blake expected that he was composing cheerful rhymes that all kids may appreciate (Norton Anthology pg 118 commentary 1). Not all the sonnets mirror a cheerful position, many consolidate foul play, insidious and languishing. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reaction to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Blake speaks to these parts of the world through the eyes of ‘innocence’. In opposite Blake’s Songs of Experience were composed as appalling and alarming renditions of a similar world. These sonnets were utilized to mirror a frightful portrayal of the world as one of neediness, infection and war. The Songs of Innocence were written around the finish of the American Revolution and the beginning of the French Revolution, in spite of the fact that Blake would have dealt with them for a considerable length of time earlier. The Songs of Experience were carved during the center and close to the finish of the transformation and reflect how the poet’s perspective on the world had been influenced and changed by the awful occasions. Blake’s work is an aggregation of various ‘songs’. Albeit each can remain as a free sonnet numerous from Songs of Innocence have a couple in Songs of Experience, for example, â€Å"Infant Joy† †â€Å"Infant Sorrow†, â€Å"The Lamb† †â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Ecchoing Green† †â€Å"The Earth’s Answer. † Taking â€Å"Infant Joy,† from Songs of Innocence, it is told from the point of view of an infant â€Å"but two days old. † The infant is seen as glad and cheerful through lines, for example, â€Å"joy is my name/Sweet satisfaction happen to thee! † and plays on the regular philosophy that babies are glad and loveable. However, its partner â€Å"Infant Sorrow,† from Songs of Experience, despite everything told from the viewpoint of the new conceived, presents the brutal truth of labor: â€Å"My mother groand! My dad sobbed. /Into the perilous world I jumped. † The association of the work along these lines presents two differentiating perspectives on the world from a similar viewpoint. I accept that the fundamental issue that propels Blake has all the earmarks of being the correlation between youth honesty and what we truly involvement with the world. The cutting edge thought of wearing ‘rose tinted glasses’ comes into view, as in as a kid we see the world as this brilliant, wonderful nd cheerful spot however as we develop and get familiar with ourselves and the world our encounters start to pollute that ‘innocent’ see and the world turns out to be monstrous, brutal and remorseless. The essential focal point of Blake’s work is to make differentiate betw een the whimsical, blameless perspective on the unreasonable, detestable and enduring world and the unforgiving reality that misery, war, destitution and illness truly bring. These tunes would have been perused to youngsters and it tends to be assumed that it was Blake’s endeavor to instruct them something about the world in which they were surviving drawing in their minds with his utilization of verse. The most effective method to refer to Response to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience, Essay models

Movie Analysis (Jose rizal) free essay sample

Jose Rizal is a film of Tatay Jerico Romero 1998 Filipino true to life movie of the Filipino national legend Jose Rizal coordinated by Marilou Diaz-Abaya and starringCesar Montano as Jose Rizal. At the hour of its discharge, it was the most costly film throughout the entire existence of Filipino film with a spending plan of over PhP. 80 million until it was beaten by Ang Sugo: The Last Messenger. The film was an official passage to the 1998 Metro Manila Film Festival. Upon discharge, the film met all inclusive basic praise. SETTINGS Calamba, Laguna Bagumbayan Fort Santiago Cesar Montano-as Jose Rizal,he is the most significant character of the story. The job he played is so contacting for he offered his own life for us. freedom! 2. ) Joel Torre-as Simoun/Crisostomo Ibarra,hesthe character in Rizals epic. Through him Rizal indicated the things that he think he need to do that is as yet fixed. 3. ) Gloria Diaz-as Toedora Alonzo,she is the absolute first educator of Jose Rizal,at a similar time she is the mother of the 9 kids(including jose rizal). We will compose a custom exposition test on Film Analysis (Jose rizal) or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Her job is to be the caring mother of Jose Rizal. 4. ) Gardo Versoza-as Andres Bonifacio ,his job is to be the protector of Jose Rizal and he the person who lead different individuals from KKK to battle against the spaniards and look for retribution. 5. ) Monique Wilson-as Maria Clara. She is the last sweetheart of Jose Rizal yet they finished with a difficult farewell. 6. ) Jhong Hilario-the detainee hireling that used to be a companion of Jose Rizal while he is still on the prison protected by the guardia civils. 7. ) Dominic Guinto-he is the youthful Rizal; he is constantly harassed by his different colleagues because of his tallness. 8.) Richard Quan-as Isagani, he is the hero of the 2 couple who had a marriage and gotten a blessing from Simoun. He throwed the blessing to the close by stream since he realized that it would detonate. 9. ) Dennis Marasigan-as Marcelo H. Del Pilar, he needed to be the President of the La Liga Filipino despite the fact that different individuals are against it. PLOT ? Piece Imprisoned in Fort Santia go under the injurious Spanish colonization, Jose Rizal (Cesar Montano) was drawn nearer by a youthful uneducated indio soliciting the significance from training during his life. In the interim, in Balintawak, Andres Bonifacio (Gardo Versoza) and his kindred mystery association of Katipunan, initiated the uprising against the oppression made by the Spaniards by tearing their cedula as an indication of Spanish subjugation. Before long, a first lieutenant of the Artillery, Luis Taviel de Andrade (Jamie Fabregas), visited Rizal. Taviel de Andrade didn't sit around to concentrate cautiously Rizals case. In only a brief timeframe, Rizal and Taviel caught every others compassion and in the long run became companions as they had normal gatherings in Rizals cell in Fort Santiago. Taviel was even ready to observe Christmas with Rizal in the cell where they drank container get and sang together. ? Perspective The film illuminates us with respect to the biography of our national legend, Jose Rizal. It reveals his life from his youth until his execution on account of the Spanish colonizers, who involved Philippines for a long time. We are additionally tossed into the universe of Rizals books, in this manner we get a peep of how he saw the Filipino society under the Spanish system. The film gives us a thought regarding how Jose Rizal, which is only a common resident like us, helped our nation secure autonomy. It gave us how hard it was for them to pick up the opportunity that we are getting a charge out of this moment. That behind each liberated individual right now is comparable to a man that was abused by the Spaniards previously. It was an extremely chivalrous activity, giving up your own life and not having the confirmation if every one of your penances will be justified, despite all the trouble at long last. In view of the closure of the film, I can say that Rizal did it because of affection love for his family and kinsmen and that he didn't lament surrendering things which was imperative to him so as to support our nation. ? Introductory Incident Rizal had distributed books, for example, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as his weapons against the territories of Spain in our nation. These books turned into a motivation over the â€Å"KATIPUNAN† or the â€Å"Sons of the People. † ? Rising Action Andres Bonifacio censures the ministers and he said that the Spain is hard of hearing and visually impaired, they just cause individuals to become blockheads and lawbreakers. The main route for autonomy and opportunity is through unrest. The Katipunans tear their ‘cedulas’ that represents to end the entirety of their ties with Spain and solidarity with unrest. The letter contains his musings that the Philippines has a genuine sickness and that it is tormented by the Spanish control over our nation. Crisostomo Ibarra was additionally presented in the film, and it is Rizal’s change self image. Ibarra had been compelled to have two characters in view of the declining issue in our nation. He reviled the upset and even the adolescent since they are requesting chains and not opportunity with Spain. He stated, â€Å"Mamamatay kayo bago dad man dumating ang inyong kamatayan. † Rizal had distributed books, for example, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as his weapons against the domains of Spain in our nation. These books turned into a motivation over the â€Å"KATIPUNAN† or the â€Å"Sons of the People. † Andres Bonifacio censures the ministers and he said that the Spain is hard of hearing and visually impaired, they just cause individuals to become nitwits and crooks. The main path for autonomy and opportunity is through insurgency. The Katipunans tear their ‘cedulas’ that represents to end the entirety of their ties with Spain and solidarity with upheaval. The ministers have found such upset; they even grilled Paciano (Rizal’s more seasoned sibling) just to pick up data about the uprising in the nation. The male individuals from Rizal’s family left their home at Tondo, Manila since they were being pursued by Spanish powers. In the interim, Governor General Blanco was dependent upon the orders of Monsignor Nosaleda. On November 1896, Rizal has been brought to Fort Santiago in Manila, and he was being cross examined by a colonel of Spain. He won't concede that he knows anything about the upset and the colonel charged him as a swindler, much the same as Fr. Burgos. Father Burgos has been condemned to death together with different clerics, for example, Father Gomez and Father Zamora (GOMBURZA). The demise of Father Burgos was seen by Paciano. Paciano opened Rizal’s eyes to the shameful acts around then. Rizal accepted that instruction is significant, yet what is important most is the way you have taken in the things throughout your life. Rizal’s first educator was his mom and she had roused him to find out additional. Before long, Rizal was sent to Ateneo Municipal in 1872 and University of Santo Thomas in 1878. Her mom showed him the account of the moth; and she advised him not to resemble the little moth who was interested with the fire and it had consumed his wings and fall totally into death. Rizal needed to master everything, except he needed to see everything. He turned into a doctor, and he relieved his mother’s eye ailment. He turned into a writer and expounded on the present status of the nation. He turned into a decent child and great sibling in his family. In the film, Rizal’s mother was blamed for endeavoring to harm her sister-in-law and she was detained for right around two years. This is a vengeance of the monks to Rizal’s family and to ensure Jose Rizal, Paciano exhorted him not to utilize ‘Mercado’ any longer, and just ‘Rizal. ’ Rizal was banished and Signor Luis Taviel de Andrade turned into his Defense Counsel (the sibling of Jose Taviel, Rizal’s previous protector). Luis has released the narratives behind Rizal’s plan of composing the books, his life, his connections, his instruction, and his convictions. Luis accepted that as an author, what Rizal did isn't workmanship, however purposeful publicity. Rizal shielded that what the Filipinos truly needed is acknowledgment that Filipinos are equivalent with Spaniards and tranquil changes through training and community improvement. Rizal went to Europe to consider medication and do whatever is important to help free the individuals, as mentioned by Paciano. He left Leonor (his cousin and his darling) and his family to help his individual comrades. Rizal did well in institute of medication and he was motivated by the uprisings in Spain. He talked a portion of his kindred Filipinos in Spain in by what means will they help in changing the framework in the Philippines. Rizal’s books animated uprisings in our nation and a few duplicates of it were scorched by the ministers. Guiltless individuals were detained by the administration by unlawfully having the books of Rizal. ‘La Solidaridad’ was established and works about the framework were by and by distributed. Some misconception occurred between the individuals from the association and Rizal returned to the Philippines to confront the Spaniards. In Manila, Rizal established the ‘La Liga Filipina’ in July 1892. It expects to brace the establishments of man and his family, offer significance to training and agribusiness for the improvement of our nation. Rizal was ousted at Dapitan and there he met Josephine Bracken. Monsignor Nosaleda isn't battled with the outcast of Rizal and he needed him dead. He asked Governor General Blanco to execute Rizal, however decline to do as such. Another representative general, Governor General Polavieja was sent by Spain to concede Monsignor Nosaleda’s wish. The transformation started in spite of Rizal’s dissatisfaction. For him, we are not yet prepared and it isn't the opportune time. Rizal anyway was accused of being the pioneer of the unrest and he was condemned to death. Rizal was terminated on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan, Manila. His family and the Filipino individuals grieved for his demise

Should Illegal Immigrants Have Access to Health Care

Each year millions of illegal and undocumented immigrants enter the United States, most from Latin American countries, such as Mexico. Mexico is the largest single source of undocumented aliens in the U.S. and it is estimated that Mexican nationals may amount to 50% of the United States total. Immigrants flee their countries for a variety of reasons, such as, political repression, economic hardship, war, and poverty. Since there has been a spike in immigration, there have been policies implemented in an effort to keep the â€Å"other† out of the U.S. and from receiving public services, with an emphasis on â€Å"dark-skinned† and ethnic minorities. One such policy called the Personal Responsibility Act of 1996 and its amendments restricted federal†¦show more content†¦Opponents of illegal immigrants receiving healthcare services do not believe that illegal immigrants should have access to healthcare when so many Americans are uninsured. Illegal and undocumented immigrants, according to opponents, do not have a right to healthcare because it is a benefit that they do not deserve and that taxpayers cannot afford. Furthermore, illegal immigrants, who seek publicly funded healthcare services in the United States, cause a financial drain not only on the healthcare system but also the national economy. For example, FAIR (Federation for American Immigration) estimates that the cost of reimbursed medical care in California in 2004 was about $1.4 billion and $.85 billion in Texas, with one of the frequent costs to U.S. taxpayers being the delivery of babies to illegal alien mothers. Opponents furthermore have argued that Americans have greater obligations to their fellow citizens than to foreigners. If there is a reasonable possibility that immigration may hurt some U.S. citizens, Americans, are therefore, justified in restricting entry, even though restrictions may violate the human rights of foreigners. It is also a belief that healthcare and other public services are not accessible to many Americans because of the large amounts of illegal immigrants. Swain contends that in many areas of the country, the sheer volume of new immigrants has created enormous drains on educational institutions, hospitals and clinics, jails and prisons,Show MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants Should Receive Health Care Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America needs comprehensive health care reform, and immigrants should be a part of the movement.  Ã‚  But many American citizens might ask that pertinent question: why should they cover the expense for illegal immigrants to access health care?  Ã‚  The answer is plain and simple: until congress passes immigration laws that work, people are going to migrant here illegally.  Ã‚  And to deny migrants access to affordable health care, Americans are not only denying them their human right, they areRead MoreEssay on Healthcare: for all or citizens only?1465 Words   |  6 Pagesto the prices of health care treatment they need. But what if this patient happens to be an illegal immigrant? Should doctors deny him/her because they lack citizenship? Or should illegal immigrants be treated just like any other patients by having a right to health care? Throughout the past decade restrictions on eligibility for taxpayer-subsidized medical care has risen at both the state and national level. Some of these restrictions are based on laws and reform acts that have been produced byRead MoreEssay on Healthcare for Illegal Aliens1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe prices of health care treatment they need. But what if this patient happens to be an illegal alien? What if the patient has a foreign illness that needs to be cured so it does not spread? Is it morally correct to deny this person treatment because he or she lacks citizenship or a valid visa? Or should illegal aliens be treated just like any other patients by having a right to health care? Throughout the past decade restrictions on eligibility for taxpayer-subsidized medical care has risen atRead MoreIllegal Immigrants, Health Care, And Social Responsibility1430 Words   |  6 Pages209 Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility Immigration has been and is one big problem that is widespread these days. Immigration means to move from one country to another for the purpose of one better life, better job, better health etc. The other problem that comes with immigration is the illegal immigration that in these days is growing up so fast. Illegal immigration is a problem that affects all the developed countries like America. An illegal immigrant is definedRead MoreThe Concepts Of Public Health Nursing Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagespublished by the United States Census Bureau, there are 1.4 million legal and illegal immigrant population residing in the country. The illegal immigrants who come from diverse ethnic groups and are of various age group. One of the problem that the America is facing right now is the problem with children who have crossed illegally into this country. In this paper, the author will define the issue based on the concepts of public health nursing, identify the ethical principle that is re lated to it, describeRead MoreThe Social Issues That Affect All Citizens Of The United1479 Words   |  6 Pageswill impact social issues that affect citizens of the United States of America. For example, the two most important social issues that will impact citizens of the United States of America in 2017 include immigration and health care. Another aspect that affects immigration and health care in the United States of America is the role federal and state government will play. President Trump in his first few months has already created executive orders impacting immigration. â€Å"Executive Order 13769 suspendedRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1519 Words   |  7 PagesNo issue in any immigration policy kindles more dispute than the issue of illegal immigration. Unfortunately, some people confuse legal and illegal immigration. Legal immigrants are here legally. They have the proper, legal documents that allow them to live and work in the U.S. without complications. Ill egal immigrants are defined as anyone who was born in a country other than the U.S. to parents who are not official U.S. citizens; they enter the U.S. without legal documents to prove their legalRead MoreWhat Are The Best Policies The United States Should Implement956 Words   |  4 Pagesbest policies the United States should implement to solve the illegal immigration problem? Immigration is an important implication throughout the United States as a whole. This topic drafts many opinions, both positive and negative. The media uses propaganda to put blame on the immigrants for taking American jobs, or not being allowed to live in our country legally. Others give a more welcoming view to them, that they’re welcome to come to our country and they have a chance to restart their life.Read MoreThe Health Care Act Of Lakeland Regional Health1575 Words   |  7 PagesLakeland Regional Health was number one in America for the most Emergency Room visits March 2015-2016, even so the y re-direct on average 260 uninsured and Medicaid patients a month to their Family Health Clinic for non-emergent care. The Affordable Care Act, though providing insurance benefits to many who could not afford insurance in the past, has not changed the quantity of patients utilizing the emergency room for primary care mostly due to the overwhelming need for more clinics that accept MedicaidRead MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control1226 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing to our military and keeping us safe, because if we do not insure our safety and security than our efforts to rebuild our economy would have been for nothing. Increasing our education and knowledge will be the first step to saving the economy. We need to prepare our children for success early. So, insuring that the next generations to follow have a working education system, that satisfies everyone person. The system would need to work for the teachers, the parents, and especially the students

A Report on Energy Drinks

Question: Do "energy" or "power" drinks actually increase energy? How might they work, or how might they cause problems? Answer: Introduction: This report aims at highlighting upon energy drinks that are available in the market in abundance, and almost every now and then leading companies are competing with each other by launching new energy drinks. This report provides us with some key information like whether these energy drinks actually increase energy or not. It also states the manner of working of these energy drinks and most importantly the associated health problems of these energy drinks. Very often it has been witnessed that a new supercharged drink is launched into the market thereby giving a stiff competition to the existing ones. A host of such energy drinks are flooding the market and promising the customers to reenergize them with energy, refreshment, and taste. These products claim to boost customers workout, improving health and also staying healthy and concerned ('Energy Drinks, Caffeine, and Athletes', 2014). Undoubtedly, the businesses of those firms are booming. From the research it has been inferred that by 2014, the global market value of the energy drinks has reached $47 billion as per Just-drinks.com which is a compiler of beverage industry information. However, despite all that craze and buzz, the big question is whether these energy drinks are actually increasing energy or not (Dyer, 2010). The drinks are supposed to perform what the name suggests that is giving an extra burst of energy. However what turns out is that the energy is derived from two i ngredients sugar as well as caffeine. A normal energy drink contains up to 80 milligrams of caffeine. As per a comparison study it had been identified that the average 12 ounce soda bears 18 to 48 mg of caffeine. Sports drinks are prepared that are meant to replenish fluids lost during activities. these usually contain water, sugar, and electrolytes (Choueke, 2010). On the other hand, energy drinks have added caffeine as well as other ingredients which according to the manufacturers, are there to increase stamina as well as boost level of performance. Such drinks are meant for students, athletes or someone who needs extra energy. Though manufacturers of the energy drinks claim that these drinks enhance the endurance as well as performance, yet health professionals and experts do not agree with it. Any sort of boost one gets from such drinks is basically from the contained sugar as well as caffeine. Caffeine works by blocking the impacts of adenosine which is a chemical involved in sleep. When adenosine is blocked by caffeine, it leads to the firing of brain neurons. Assuming that the body is at a state of emergency, the pituitary gland starts the fight or flight response of the body by release of adrenaline (Jones, 2011). The hormone enables the heart to beat faster as well as the eyes dilate. This leads the lever to release additional sugar in the bloodstream for more energy. The caffeine is said to impact upon the dopamine level which is a chemical within the brain center for pleasure. Various physical responses give a feeling of having increased energy. As per the research, energy drinks are normally safe; however these must be taken in moderate level. Since caffeine is a stimulant and increased consumption may cause heart palpitations, insomnia, and anxiety (McGraw, 2013). This may also make one feel jittery as well as irritable. With prolonged consumption, caffeine may be addictive. It is even a diuretic that causes the kidneys to eliminate extra fluid in the urine. This results in reduced level of fluid within the body. Thus, drinking energy drink during exercising may be specifically dangerous. The combined effect of sweating as well as diuretic impact may severely dehydrate an individual. Often people mix energy drink with alcohol to prepare a high-energy cocktail. As alcohol is a depressant, it casts its tranquilizing impact upon the body which can make one unaware of the amount that is drunk. Also, there is a high probability that the body gets dehydrated fatally since both the liquids are dehydrating in nature (Peterson, 2013). Some other ingredients may also be problematic. For instance, the stimulant ephedrine which is an ingredient in several decongestants may lead to heart problems. In the year 2001, two students from California high school had fainted after ingesting energy drinks bearing ephedrine. Since too less research has been undertaken upon the long-standing health impacts of taking excessive quantity of taurine as well as other ingredients within energy drinks, several health professionals advise pregnant woman as well as young children to ignore them (Roberson, 2005). Besides caffeine, most of the energy drinks advertise a new blend of herbs along with other ingredients. Varieties of sugar-free exist and these energy drinks contain large level of sugar in them. The energy giving elixirs are basically combination of taurine, guarana, vitamins B, and ginseng (Wadman, 2010). Though the manufacturers of the energy drinks claim or imply that their products may have positive results upon the cognitive performance, recent studies have shown that while comparing against placebo, drinking energy drinks bear n positive impact upon the reasoning, concentration, or aptitude. Energy drinks are basically packaged like soda and even taste like soda. The difference lies in the extra ingredients or extra hype around the ingredients. Frequently-promised heightened mental awareness from such drinks is basically due to caffeine content that varies tremendously. Caffeine is natural and widely consumed stimulant across the globe. Many believe that it is a free abundant source of quick energy with no side effects (Rosenbloom, 2014). Actually this can be quite contrary. Both University of Massachusetts Department of Emergency Medicine as well as Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust had warned that this stimulant caffeine may increase blood pressure, aggravate psychiatric conditions, disrupt sleeping habits, and even induce reliance. Caffeine works by blocking the impacts of adenosine which is a chemical involved in sleep (Sepkowitz, 2013). When adenosine is blocked by caffeine, it leads to the firing of brain neurons. Excess quantity consumption of caffeine may lead t o intoxication with increased heartbeat, seizure, vomiting, and even death. Conclusion: The drinks are supposed to perform what the name suggests that is giving an extra burst of energy. However what turns out is that the energy is derived from two ingredients sugar as well as caffeine. The caffeine is said to impact upon the dopamine level which is a chemical within the brain center for pleasure. As per the research, energy drinks are normally safe; however these must be taken in moderate level. Since caffeine is a stimulant and increased consumption may cause heart palpitations, insomnia, and anxiety. So, it is concluded that the energy drinks are not worth at all for our health. The marketers may advertise their products in a grand manner emphasizing upon the health benefits, but it cannot be denied that these are harmful for our health in numerous ways. The consumption level must be very less and better if these can be completely avoided. References Choueke, M. (2010). Putting some fizz into drinks marketing.Strategic Direction,26(4). doi:10.1108/sd.2010.05626dad.007 Dyer, C. (2010). Drinks companies delayed publication of analysis of marketing practices.BMJ,340(jan22 3), c453-c453. doi:10.1136/bmj.c453 Energy Drinks, Caffeine, and Athletes. (2014).Nutrition Today,49(2), 55-56. doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000026 Jones, S. (2011). You wouldnt know it had alcohol in it until you read the can: Adolescents and alcohol-energy drinks.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),19(3), 189-195. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2011.05.005 McGraw, M. (2013). Are energy drinks safe?.Nursing,43(3), 68. doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000427095.66905.e1 Peterson, E. (2013). Caffeine Catastrophe: Energy Drinks, Products Liability and Market Strategy.IJMS,5(2). doi:10.5539/ijms.v5n2p50 Roberson, J. (2005). Fight!! Ippatsu!!: "Genki" Energy Drinks and the Marketing of Masculine Ideology in Japan.Men And Masculinities,7(4), 365-384. doi:10.1177/1097184x03261260 Rosenbloom, C. (2014). Energy Drinks, Caffeine, and Athletes.Nutrition Today,49(2), 49-54. doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000022 Sepkowitz, K. (2013). Energy Drinks and Caffeine-Related Adverse Effects.JAMA,309(3), 243. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.173526 Wadman, M. (2010). US clamp-down on alcoholic energy drinks.Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.622

The Ideal Bureaucracy Essay Example

The Ideal Bureaucracy Paper Max Weber was a German sociologist who studied a variety of human interaction and developed a number of social theories. One of the highlights of his career work was his ideal bureaucracy theory, to which he defined bureaucracy as having certain characteristics that make up the bureaucratic entity. According to Max Weber, the authority in ideal bureaucracy revolves around legal competence and functions according to these criteria: 1) they are personally free and subject only to their impersonal official obligations; 2) they are organized in clearly defined hierarchy of offices; 3) each office has clearly defined competence; 4) there is free selection; 5) candidates are selected based on technical qualifications; 6) they are remunerated by fixed salaries; 7) the office is the primary occupation; 8) there is system of promotion; 9) the official works independently and without appropriation of his position; and 10) the official is subject to strict and systematic discipline and control in the conduct of the office. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Bureaucracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Bureaucracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Bureaucracy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He also posited that, if given the chance, the monocratic variety of bureaucracy is capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency and would be the most rational known means of carrying out the imperative control over human beings. The primary source of the superiority of bureaucratic administration lies in the role of technical knowledge. He also likened that bureaucratic apparatus should be independent and possess there own means of subsistence. Like in the case of war, if the bureaucratic machinery is technically efficient, it will continue to function normally just as it had for the previous legal government. This model of ideal bureaucratic organization can be summarized to possess the following characteristics: 1) Management by rules. A bureaucracy follows a consistent set of rules that control the functions of the organization. 2) Division of labor. Authority and responsibility are clearly defined and officially sanctioned. 3) Formal hierarchical structure. An organization is organized into a hierarchy of authority and follows a clear chain of command. 4) Personnel hired on grounds of technical competence. Appointment to a position within the organization is made on the grounds of technical competence. 5) Managers are salaried officials. 6) Written documents. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organization’s policies and procedures. Given the ideal picture of how a bureaucracy should function, this model offers a stable and hierarchical model for an organization. The term bureaucracy may have gained negative connotation but some of its criteria still applies in modern organization. Firstly, the employment based on technical qualifications should be upheld, both in public and private sectors, if efficiency is highly valued. If employees hired posses the specific characteristics demanded by the job, it is most likely that a function will be properly carried out. Aided with an evaluation based on particular performance standard, it will provide an objective goal to perform as much as possible. Currently, both private and private organizations used the performance-based incentives as a way of motivating employees to excel and give beyond the minimum requirements of their positions. Secondly, the characteristic of being purposely impersonal also has positive implication. By treating co-employees and customers equally, individual differences may be lessened, leading to rendering of services without the biases. If such action is demanded from each employee, equal treatment may be given to all regardless of social classes. Thirdly, the concept of written rules and decisions is still applicable even in a highly evolving business and organizational environment. Documentation is one of the requirements in quality management systems, such as ISO 9000 family of standards, to ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders. Decisions are documented to serve as guide of actions, which can be used by the managers in initially assessing a problem. Though no two situations are the same, documentation is a way of tracing the different parts of an operation, which even a newly hired member of an organization can use to guide how a job should be done. Bureaucracy is often associated with delay and inefficiency. Some theorists argued that Weber’s model may have worked during his time but considered obsolete now. In the words of Dwight Waldo, â€Å"Why would an instrument (bureaucracy) designed to be impersonal and calculating be expected to be effective in delivery sympathy and compassion?† Indeed some points in the given model were criticized by many theorists. Firstly, the top-down and centralized authority is considered too slow and unresponsive to the world of rapid change, technological revolution, global competition and demanding customers. By strictly adhering to the hierarchy of authorities, timely resolution of conflicts or addressing a simple matter may be difficult. The employee may choose not to do anything to resolve a problem, on the basis that it is beyond his or her jurisdiction, to avoid conflict with the manager who may have different views. Secondly, the government sector is now venturing into entrepreneurism through its public-private partnership efforts. The spirit of flexibility is required which emphasizes â€Å"getting a job done†, by considering whatever is at hand rather than looking at the strict rules on â€Å"how a job should be done†. Aside from cost, time is another consideration of efficiency. The centralization of authorities and rigid hierarchy may make it difficult to attain time efficient decisions. Thirdly, most organizations in private and public sectors benchmark on teamwork in attaining its goal. Weber’s model of a knowledge-equipped yet isolated worker, whose primary concern should be confined within his/her explicit functions, would find it very difficult to adjust in multi-tasking environment. Managers who follow strict hierarchy in giving decisions may also find it difficult to accept or consider suggestions coming from the rank-in-file, however sharp those suggestions are. Bureaucracy is of great importance in carrying out the ideals of a government. Its people are one of the important factors of translating government programs to actual services. An efficient and well-disciplined bureaucracy may also translate to good governance. Max Weber’s ideal bureaucracy may be considered outdated in certain aspects but it still possessed some relevant considerations. Bureaucratic competence would assure the citizenry that only equipped individuals hold important positions, especially those that would be affecting a large number of people. Bureaucratic neutrality is still also highly valued. Neutrality does not necessarily depersonalize the government, rather, it values equal treatment and unbiased distribution of government services, regardless of social classes. Affected by various factors, our culture change and evolve. Our concept now of how our government should be may differ after a while. In the same way, our ideals of how our bureaucracy should be may also change in the future. Nevertheless, the Filipino bureaucracy, as partner of our government, must aspire competence and efficiency in carrying its tasks. Reforms may come in different names. Trials may beset our country, but a well-disciplined and competent bureaucracy will always be a plus-factor to any regime of government.

Saying to in German With Nach and Zu

Saying 'to' in German With 'Nach' and 'Zu' There are at least  half a dozen ways  to say to in German. But one of the biggest sources of to confusion comes from just two prepositions:  nach  and  zu. Fortunately, there are clear distinctions between the two. The preposition  nach, except in the idiomatic phrase nach Hause ([to] home, homeward), is used exclusively with geographic place names and points of the compass (including left and right). Most other uses of  nach  are in its meaning of after (nach der Schule   after school) or according to (ihm nach   according to him). Here are some examples of  nach  when it means to:  nach Berlin  (to Berlin),  nach rechts  (to the right),  nach Ãâ€"sterreich  (to Austria). Note, however, that plural or feminine countries, such as die Schweiz, usually use  in  instead of  nach:  in die Schweiz, to Switzerland.   The preposition  zu  is used in most other cases and is always used for to with people:  Geh zu Mutti!, Go to (your) mom! Note that  zu  can also mean too, functioning as an adverb:  zu viel, too much. Another difference between the two is that  nach  is rarely used with an article, while  zu  is often combined with an article or even contracted into a one-word compound, as in  zur Kirche  (zu der Kirche, to the church) or  zum Bahnhof  (zu dem Bahnhof, to the train station). Nach Hause  and  zu Hause Both of these prepositions are used with  Haus(e), but only  nach  means to when used with  Haus. The phrase  zu Hause  means at home, just as  zu Rom  means at/in Rome in that poetic, old-fashioned type of construction. Note that if you want to say to my house/place in German, you say  zu mir  (zu dative pronoun) and the word  Haus  is not used at all! The idiomatic expressions ​nach Hause and zu Hause follow the rules for nach  and zu  given above. Here are some more examples of the uses of  nach  and  zu  (as to): Wir fliegen  nach  Frankfurt.Were flying to Frankfurt. (geographic)Der Wind weht von Westen  nach  Osten.The wind is blowing from west to east. (compass)Wie komme ich  zum  Stadtzentrum?How to I get to the city center? (non-geographic)Ich fahre  nach  Frankreich.Im going to France. (geographic)Gehst du  zur  Kirche?Are you going to church? (non-geographic)Kommt doch  zu  uns!Why dont you guys come over to our place [to us]. (non-geographic)Wir gehen  zur  Bckerei.Were going to the bakery. (non-geographic) Direction/Destination The preposition  zu  expresses the idea of heading in a direction and going to a destination. It is the opposite of  von  (from):  von Haus zu Haus  (from house to house). Although both of the following sentences can be translated as He is going to the university, there is a difference in the German meanings: Er geht  zur  Universitt. (The university is his current destination.)Er geht  an  die Universitt. (Hes a student. He attends the university.) Those Tricky Prepositions Prepositions in any language can be tricky to deal with. They are particularly susceptible to cross-language interference. Just because a phrase is said a certain way in English, does not mean it will be the same in German. As we have seen, both  zu  and  nach  can be used in many ways, and to in German is not always expressed with these two words. Look at these to examples in  English and  German: ten to four  (score)   zehn zu vierten to four  (time)   zehn vor vierI dont want to  Ã‚  ich will nichtto my delight  Ã‚  zu meiner Freudeto my knowledge  Ã‚  meines Wissensbumper to bumper  Ã‚  Stoßstange an Stoßstangeto town  Ã‚  in die Stadtto the office  Ã‚  ins Bà ¼roto a great extent  Ã‚  in hohem Grad/Maße However, if you follow the simple rules on this page for  nach  and  zu, you can avoid making obvious mistakes with those two prepositions when you want to say to. German Prepositions That Can Mean To All of the following prepositions mean several other things besides to: an, auf, bis, in, nach, vor, zu; hin und her  (adverb,  to and fro) Note that German also uses nouns or pronouns in the  dative case  to express to:  mir  (to me),  meiner Mutter  (to my mother),  ihm  (to him).

Primary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Primary - Research Paper Example I have strong knowledge of business analytics that I used when I worked on financial audits with the senior auditors of my firm. In particular, I contributed to the development of predictive business analytics that determined new growth opportunities for the company. It resulted to changes in how accountants determined the need for corrective actions and what these actions should be. During this time, I also solved a problem of the company regarding merging several data categories in order to improve data collection and reporting efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, I am particularly interested in working for JPMorgan Chase & Co. because you are a world leader in finding financial services solutions for diverse sectors. When I learned of the solutions you offered for filling up important healthcare and technology jobs in New York City, I became excited of how I can also contribute my business analytics knowledge and skills in conducting similar data studies and providing helpful recomm endation reports. I believe that I have strong analytical, quantitative and problem-solving skills that are essential to being a successful Finance Analyst intern. I am eager to meet with you or to have a phone interview to further discuss this valuable employment opportunity. I am interested in learning more about your consumer and commercial banking services and working with your senior managers to analyze results and offer financial and business insights. You can reach me by phone at 301-526-3669 and by e-mail at xchen114@terpmail.umd.edu, if you want me to provide further information. I will call your office next Monday to see if a mutually convenient time can be arranged. Thank you for your time and consideration of my

Paper on Microbiological Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper on Microbiological Issue - Essay Example If any product is found unsafe for consumption, it has to be identified before it causes any damage. The exporters of that particular product must be identified and an appropriate action must be taken in order to ensure the safety of the consumers. This whole task becomes very difficult as there is a lack of communication between the authorities testing the food and he exporters of such food materials. "By proactively sharing information on contaminant and disease outbreak incidents, authorities may allow other countries to detect and respond to issues quicker and more effectively. The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) and Food Safety Emergency Network is a recent initiative of the World Health Organization that will facilitate information exchange and may enhance the control of international food safety incidents. "(Background, 13 March 2009). Most of these authorities are conservative and allow no scope for breach of their laws, it is extremely important in or der to ensure the satisfaction and good health of the consumers. When this topic is being discussed simultaneously in many countries, it becomes a boon in more ways than one. The regulatory authorities can establish standard norms when it comes to food safety and every country involved in this can chip in with their contribution.

Postcolonialism †An Historical Introduction Essay Example for Free

Postcolonialism – An Historical Introduction Essay In these two chapters from the book ‘Postcolonialism – An Historical Introduction, Robert J.C. Young provides the reader with an in depth understanding of colonal and postcolonial history, as well as well pondered definitions of important terms within the academic field of postcolonial studies. To illustrate the cruel and inhumane reality of the imperialistic powers, Young uses the case of Sir Roger Casement, a former member of the British Consular Service who was asked by the British Government in 1910 to investigate allegations of atrocities committed against the indigenous of the Amazon by a British company extracting rubber from the jungle. Casement verified, against the British governments expectations the atrocities, which six years later ironically led to his execution, sentenced by the British government on a charge of High Treason. The case of Casement shows us how the imperialistic powers ruled with devastating inhumanity, not only towards the indigenous but also towards anyone whom opposed the colonialising forces. The author goes on describing the history of 20th century imperialism. He puts forward the shocking fact that by the time of the first World War, imperial powers occupied, or controlled, nine-tenths of the globes surface territory, where of Britain governed one-fifth of the area of the world and a quarter of its population. Later in this chapter Young argues that Britain in fact actually was the first colony of the British empire, as here a minority elite the ruling upper class, controlled Britain both before and well into the nation’ further imperialistic era. With no space left for territorial expansion the leading forces of Europe turned inwards in a last attempt to grow. He points to Aimà © Cà ©saire who was the first to note that fascism was a form of colonialism brought home to Europe. The outcome of the 2nd World War led to the defeated nations loss of colonies around the globe. After the Indian independence in 1947 began a further process of European decolonization that is now largely complete. The author however argues that the list of direct or indirect colonized areas, are still surprisingly long. He also points to the many territories today, which is controlled by external forces not coming from within the European nations. Young states that the colonial history, which began as early as 500  years ago, has determined the configurations and power structures of the present. When we speak about colonialism the term Third World is widely used, Young however supports the criticism of this identification, as the word â€Å"third† in it self carries a negative aura in a hierarchical relation to the first and second. To describe the three southern continents of Latin America, Africa and Asia, young therefore uses the more political correct term tricontinetal and even suggests that postcolonialism should be called tricontinentalism. Postcolonial critique is united by a common political and moral consensus towards the history and legacy towards colonialism. It presupposes that the history of European expansion and the occupation of most of the global landmass between late 15th century and mid 20th century mark a process that was both specific and problematic. Western expansion was carried out with a moral justification that it was of benefit for all those nations, which it impacted. However apologists continue to lean upon this argument, it is impossible to deny the extraordinary suffering and destructive impact on indigenous people the colonisation of the world brought with it. The assumption of postcolonial studies is that many of the wrongs, if not crimes, against humanity are a product of the economic dominance of the north over the south. In this way, Marxist theory became the most important framework in anticolonial thinking, where from postcolonial studies finds its birth. Postcolonial critique is a form of activist writing that looks back to the political commitment of the anti-colonial liberation movements. In an attempt to define Postcolonial critique, we can say that it focuses on forces of oppression and coercive domination that operate in the contemporary world: the politics of anti-colonialism and neo-colonialism, race, gender, nationalism, class and ethnicities define its terrain. Its object, as defined by Cabral(1969), is the pursuit of liberation after achievement of political independence. It constitutes of a directed intellectual production that seeks to synthesize different kinds of work towards the realisation of common goals that include the creation of equal access to material, natural, social and technological resources, the contestation of forms of domination – economic, cultural, religious, ethnic, gendered, and the articulation and assertion of collective forms of political and cultural identity. The Author gives the reader his definitions of the terms: postcolonial, postcolonialism and  postcoloniality. He defines ‘postcolonial’ as coming after colonialism and imperialism, in their original meaning of direct-rule domination, but still positioned within imperialism in its later sense of the global system of hegemonic economic power. The postcolonial is a concept that marks the historical facts of decolonization but also the realities of nations and peoples emerging into new imperialistic context of economic and sometimes political domination. The term ‘postcoloniaity’ by contrast puts the emphasis on the economic, material and cultural conditions that determine the global system in which the postcolonial nation is required to operate, a system heavily weighted towards the interests of international capital and the leading nations of the world. ‘Postcolonialism’, which the author prefers to call ‘tricontinentalism’, names a theoretical and political position, which embodies an active concept of intervention. Unlike the words ‘colonialism’, ‘imperialism’ and ‘neocolonialism’ which adopts only critical relation to oppressive regimes and practices that they represent, postcolonialism is both contestatory and committed towards political ideals of a transnational social justice. It attacks the status quo of hegemonic economic imperialism, and the history of colonialism and imperialism, but also signals an activist engagement with positive political positions and new forms of political identity in the same way as Marxism or feminism.

Nicholas: The Last Tsar :: essays research papers

In his book, The Last Tsar, Edvard Radzinsky describes a very interesting viewpoint of the life and death of Nicholas Alexandrovich, the last Russian Tsar. Radzinsky's illustration of this ill-fated monarch follows the diaries of Nicholas from their beginning on March 1, 1881, to the final entry on July 16, 1918.1 Radzinsky mainly goes over pre-marital relationship between Nicholas and Alexandra, the medical condition of Nicholas' son, Alexei, and the imprisonment and execution of Nicholas and his family. The relationship between Nicholas II and Alexandra began in 1884. Alexandra, the daughter of Louis IV, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, a tiny state in Germany, was born in 1872.2 Her grandmother was Queen Victoria of England, her oldest sister married an English prince, her second sister married a Russian Grand Duke and her third sister married a German prince. Nicholas and Alexandra met during the wedding of her second sister, Ella, to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Alexandra was only twelve and Nicholas was only sixteen, but he stated in his diary that he fell in love with her a first sight. Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, did not approve of Alexandra, because of the fact that she was the granddaughter of the English Queen. Instead, he suggested that Nicholas marry a princess from the House of Orleans. His decision was basely mainly on politics, as he was striving for an alliance between Russia and France. Alexander's suggestion did not have any effect on Nicholas, as he seemed certain to marry his childhood sweetheart, Alexandra. That day came in 1894, when Alexander was on his deathbed, suffering from a kidney disease that he had contracted in a train wreck six years earlier. On April 8, 1894, at the wedding of Alexandra's brother, her and Nicholas were engaged.3 On November 14, 1894, a month after the death of his father Nicholas married Alexandra and officially became the tsar of Russia.Alexei Nikolaevich, the first son of Nicholas and Alexandra was born on July 30, 1904, following the births of four daughters. The problem of who would rule Russia in case of an accident to Nicholas was solved. However, there was a new problem, as Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. Hemophilia is a disease that weakened the walls of the arteries so that "any blow or intense pressure can cause the blood vessels to burst and can mean the end."4 Rumours of a holy man, named Grigory Rasputin, however, living in the backwoods of Siberia gave rise to Alexander's hopes that her son's hemophilia could be cured.

Living in a World of Warcraft: the Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds

Living in a World Of Warcraft: The Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds Through the convergence of gaming, the internet and Web 2. 0 technologies, the virtual worlds of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) have emerged: complex new social and cultural environments that bring with them tremendous opportunities for learning. This convergence of contexts, a defining feature of new media, combines the potential sociality of the internet with the fun and challenge of gaming, blurring the lines between entertainment, play, information and socialisation (de Freitas & Griffiths, 2008, p. 1). Through fantasy-styled role-playing MMOG (MMORPG) World of Warcraft (WoW), I will explore evidence of the benefits and drawbacks of these new forms of sociality, and examine ways in which of MMORPGs show potential to develop new social practices and ways of learning, both from a player/learner perspective (Jenkins, 2006; Shaffer, Squire, Halverson & Gee, 2005, p. 106), and in terms of studying and u nderstanding social dynamics of human groups on a larger scale (Szell & Thurner, 2010, p. 14). WoW's enormous success exemplifies the massive social phenomenon of online gaming and virtual worlds (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson & Gee, 2005, p. 106). Released in 2004, Steinkuehler & Williams describe WoW as â€Å"the latest step in a progression of social games† (2006, p. 887), referring to the many evolutions in this style of game since its early origins in Dungeons and Dragons-style pencil and paper games (Bradford, 2010, p. 7). Socialisation and the building of relationships is central to the game, which attracts an extremely broad audience worldwide: within 5 years of release, WoW's subscriber base grew to 11. 5 million (Bradford, 2010, p. 56). Steinkuehler & Williams posit that – as new social environments outside of home, school and work – virtual worlds can provide a social context akin to â€Å"pubs, coffee shops, and other hangouts† (2006, p. 889).Cha t channels within the game not only facilitate in-game activities, they also carry â€Å"constant conversation about the game and topics well beyond it† (Steinkuehler & Williams, 2006, p. 894), to the extent that the in-game social interaction is considered by some players to be more important than the actual gameplay (Stetina, Kothgassner, Lehenbauer & Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 473). The virtual worlds of MMOGs – such as WoW's Azeroth – are â€Å"known for their peculiar combination of designed ‘escapist fantasy' and emergent ‘social realism'† (Steinkuehler & Williams, 2006, p. 887).Indeed, opportunities for socialisation in virtual worlds are incredibly diverse, evidenced by the unusual records WoW holds for the â€Å"Most People at a Virtual Funeral† and â€Å"Largest Virtual Beer Festival† (Guinness World Records, 2012). Real-world issues can impact the virtual world too, exemplified by WoW's annual â€Å"Running of the Gnomes †, where low-level pink-haired gnome avatars – most created or â€Å"rolled† specifically for the event – run through dangerous terrain to a designated location and, by grouping together, â€Å"form a heart for breast cancer awareness† (Iserloth, 2012).The event raises money for the Cleveland Clinic for vaccine research, and this year exceeded the $1,000 goal (O'Neal, 2012). Such events epitomise the unique social culture of MMORPGs: impervious to the physical boundaries of real-world events, creative player-instigated socialisation takes full advantage of the flexible social environment of the virtual world. Games, in all of their various forms, have given rise to â€Å"new forms of sociality† (Bradford, 2010, p. 63), as evidenced by the role Communities of Practice play in game culture.Bradford's research shows that, whether a game is designed to be played with others or not, â€Å"communities which cluster around games constantly engage i n negotiations over strategies, experiences and opinions† (2010, p. 56). Like most video games, WoW is surrounded by a powerful network of knowledge (Gee, 2003, p. 187) through these Communities of Practice, consisting of â€Å"a content domain, a group of persons interested in this domain and a shared practice to increase the effectiveness of each member† (Wolf, K, 2007, p. 191).There are also communities dedicated to a seemingly endless wave of user-created media, from webcomics created using WoW screenshots to highly-produced â€Å"machinima†, a convergence between games and cinema which combines film-making techniques with computer-generated imagery (CGI), rendered in real-time using game engines (de Freitas & Griffiths, 2008, p. 13). Players forge reputations amongst these robust communities (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson & Gee, 2005, p. 106), participating in forums to share advice on how to advance in the game, hosting news sites or writing FAQs and walkthrou ghs.Along with in-game social facilities, they make up â€Å"a crucial component of MMORPGs† (Bradford, 2010, p. 58), necessitating the learning and development of â€Å"effective social practices† (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson & Gee, 2005, p. 106). Despite the growing popularity of gaming culture, a lack of understanding of the social contexts of gamers still produces stereotypical views of gamers, attributing to them â€Å"deviant behaviours and emotional problems† (Stetina, Kothgassner, Lehenbauer & Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 477).In a recent example, Colleen Lachowicz, a Democratic Party candidate for the Maine State Senate, was the subject of a campaign organised by the Maine Republican Party in October 2012 to make public what they called Lachowicz's â€Å"bizarre double life† (Benedetti, 2012) as an orc in WoW. A website created for the campaign proclaimed â€Å"Maine needs a State Senator that lives in the real world, not in Colleen’s fantasy w orld† (Colleen's World, 2012), and a mail-out, featuring images of Lachowicz's avatar with highlighted quotes including â€Å"I love poisoning and stabbing! and â€Å"I can kill stuff without going to jail† was posted to voters (Maine Republican Party, 2012). Lachowicz's casual comments typify the playful tone of MMOG socialisation (Steinkuehler & Williams, 2006, p. 899) and the misinterpretation, whether accidental or deliberate, is evidence of stereotyping due to a lack of understanding of the complex social culture of MMORPGs. When considering the social potential of MMORPGs, it is also important to acknowledge â€Å"problematic play†: playing excessively at the detriment of real-life priorities and relationships (Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II, Fagan, 2011).Not all players are effected and numerous studies show that many cases of problematic play are associated with pre-existing psychopathological problems (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer & Kryspin-Ex ner, 2010, p. 474; Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II & Fagan, 2011, pp. 1212-1213) including depression, OCD and low self-esteem. Certain player motivations may increase risk of problematic play, such as reliance on online socialisation and escapism as a coping strategy (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer & Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 478).A 2011 study suggested playing with real-life friends or family minimises problematic play, by helping to retain awareness of the real world (Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II & Fagan, 2011). Furthermore, such play can enhance existing relationships (Steinkuehler & Williams, 2006, p. 891). While immersion – â€Å"experienc(ing) the avatar as ‘I'† (Bradford, 2010, p. 57) – can play a role in developing problematic behaviour, it is important to note that not all immersive play is problematic (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer & Kryspin-Exner, 2010, . 478). Immersion plays a vital role in games such as WoW, allowing players to â€Å"think, talk and act in new ways† and â€Å"inhabit roles that are otherwise inaccessible to them† (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson and Gee, 2005, p. 105), creating a more level playing ground for socialisation and situated understanding (Steinkuehler & Williams, 2006, pp. 891-892). With their complex economic, social, political and cultural systems and the potential to access the data of thousands of online players at any given time (Szell & Thurner, 2010, p. 14; Shaffer, Squire, Halverson and Gee, 2005), MMOGs are potentially ideal environments for researching â€Å"collective human phenomena and social dynamics† (Szell & Thurner, 2010, p. 314). In 2007, Lofgren and Fefferman suggested that WoW could be used as a tool to â€Å"substantially boost the reality quotient of disease simulators† (Vastag, 2007), following an in-game epidemic of the virtual disease â€Å"Corrupted Blood† in 2005. Corrupted Blood, introduced through a downloadable upda te, was a highly infectious â€Å"de-buff† designed to make combat more challenging in a new area of the game, accessible only to higher level players.A programming error allowed the disease to spread beyond the intended area into heavily populated areas of the game, â€Å"mimicking the travel of contagious carriers over long distances that has been the hallmark of many disease outbreaks in history† (Lofgren & Fefferman, 2007, p. 625). Lofgren and Fefferman noted that players' â€Å"dedication to the virtual community† (2007, p. 627) provoked diverse reactions – some risking their own character in an effort to heal others, others logging out in â€Å"a panic response† (Vastag, 2007, p. 264) and some even propagating the chaos by intentionally spreading the disease (Vastag, 2007, p. 64) – approximating to â€Å"reactions of people in real-life situations of danger† (Lofgren & Fefferman, 2007, p. 627), suggesting MMORPGs hold great prom ise in terms of measuring social dynamics and collective human response for purposes of scientific research. At its core, gaming culture relies on effective cooperation and collaboration, both in-game and through communities of practice outside of the game. Participation in video games and the communities surrounding them teaches and encourages players to engage in â€Å"effective social practices†, establishing and building upon new and effective forms of entertainment, pleasure and sociality. Bradford, 2010). The success and popularity of these unique worlds has shown immense potential for further study into large-scale social dynamics and human phenomenon, potential which has yet to be fully explored. As contexts and media forms continue to converge, it seems certain that the millions of players whose avatars inhabit the rich virtual worlds of MMORPGs and other online games will continue to create and explore new and innovative opportunities for socialisation and learning. Works Cited Benedetti, W. (2012). Republicans out Democrat in World of Warcraft Witch Hunt.Retrieved from http://www. nbcnews. com/technology/ingame/republicans-out-democrat-world-warcraft-witch-hunt-6283586 Bradford, C. (2010). Looking for my corpse: Video games and player positioning. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 33(1), 55-64. Retrieved from http://www. informit. com. au Colleen's World. (2012). Retrieved from www. colleensworld. com de Freitas, S. , & Griffiths, M. (2008). The convergence of gaming practices with other media forms: what potential for learning? A review of the literature. Learning, Media and Technology, 33(1), 11-20. doi:10. 080/17439880701868796 Gee, J. P. (2003). What Video Games Have To Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. New York, NY: Palgrave Mamillan. Guinness World Records. (2012). Retrieved from www. guinnessworldrecords. com Iserloth, A. (2012). World of Warcraft gathers for breast cancer. Retrieved from http://www. universitychronicle. net/index. php/2012/10/22/cancer-wow-walk/ Jenkins, H. (2006). War Between Effects and Meaning: Rethinking the Video Game Violence Debate. In D. Buckingham & R. Willett (Eds. ), Digital Generations (pp. 19-31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Lofgren, E. T. & Fefferman, N. H. (2007). The untapped potential of virtual game worlds to shed light on real world epidemics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7(9), 625-629. doi:10. 1016/S1473-3099(07)70212-8 Maine Republican Party. (2012). Candidate's Bizarre Double Life Raises Questions. Retrieved from https://www. mainegop. com/2012/10/candidates-bizarre-double-life-raises-questions/ O'Neal, A. (2012). World of Warcraft players go pink to raise money for breast cancer research. Retrieved from http://www. examiner. com/article/world-of-warcraft-players-go-pink-to-raise-mo

Anaximenes and the Milesian School

Anaximenes (d. c. 528 B.C.) was a Pre-Socratic philosopher, who together with Anaximander and Thales, was a member of what we call the Milesian School because all three were from Miletus and may have studied with one another. Anaximenes may have been a disciple of Anaximander. Although there is some controversy, Anaximenes is thought to be the one to have first developed the theory of change. The Underlying Substance of the Universe Where Anaximander believed the universe was composed of an indefinite substance he called apeiron, Anaximenes believed the underlying substance of the universe was the Greek for what we translate as air because air is neutral but can take on various properties, especially condensation and rarefaction. This is a more specific substance that Anaximanders. In his Commentary on Aristotles Physics, the medieval Neoplatonist Simplicius repeats what Theophrastus (the successor of Aristotles school of philosophy) wrote about the Milesian school. This includes the ideas that that, according to Anaximenes, when air becomes finer, it becomes fire, when it is condensed, it becomes first wind, then cloud, then water, then earth, then stone. According to the same source, Anaximenes also said that change came from motion, which is eternal. In his Metaphysics, Aristotle links another Milesian, Diogenes of Apollonia, and Anaximenes in that both consider air more primary than water. Sources of the Pre-Socratics We have first-hand material of the pre-Socratics only from the end of the sixth century/start of the fifth B.C. Even then, the material is spotty. So our knowledge of the Pre-Socratic philosophers comes from fragments of their works included in the writing of others. The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts, by G.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven provides these fragments in English. Diogenes Laertius provides biographies of the Pre-Socratic philosophers: Loeb Classical Library. For more on the transmission of texts, see The Manuscript Tradition of Simplicius Commentary on Aristotles Physics i-iv, by A. H. Coxon; The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 1 (May 1968), pp. 70-75. Anaximenes is on the list of Most Important People to Know in Ancient History. Examples: Here are the relevant passages on Anaximenes from Aristotles Metaphysics Book I (983b and 984a): Most of the earliest philosophers conceived only of material principles as underlying all things. That of which all things consist, from which they first come and into which on their destruction they are ultimately resolved, of which the essence persists although modified by its affections-this, they say, is an element and principle of existing things. Hence they believe that nothing is either generated or destroyed, since this kind of primary entity always persists....In the same way nothing else is generated or destroyed; for there is some one entity (or more than one) which always persists and from which all other things are generated. All are not agreed, however, as to the number and character of these principles. Thales, the founder of this school of philosophy, says the permanent entity is water....Anaximenes and Diogenes held that air is prior to water, and is of all corporeal elements most truly the first principle. Sources The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Readings in Ancient Greek Philosophy: From Thales to Aristotle, by S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, C. D. C. Reeve Theophrastus on the Presocratic Causes, by John B. McDiarmid Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 61 (1953), pp. 85-156. A New Look at Anaximenes, by Daniel W. Graham; History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan. 2003), pp. 1-20.